編者按：德化陶瓷制作歷史悠久，制瓷技術(shù)在不斷發(fā)展基礎(chǔ)上傳承創(chuàng)新。陶瓷制作過程看似原始和簡單，但實(shí)際上考驗(yàn)了陶藝家對泥土特性的把握和操縱的熟練程度。

    2002年由新加坡亞洲文明博物館出版的《中國白——德化白瓷》(Blanc de Chine—porcelain from Dehua)一書，收錄了Kenson Kwok(郭勒遜)：A Note on the Construction of Dehua Figures《德化瓷雕結(jié)構(gòu)的一點(diǎn)看法》一文，文中詳細(xì)討論了德化傳統(tǒng)陶瓷的制作工藝，是一篇不可多得的德化陶瓷研究資料。與此同時，該文結(jié)合收藏家希克利收藏的160件德化窯精品，為了解、品鑒、研究德化白瓷提供借鑒。

    在郭勒遜的文章中，總結(jié)了德化陶瓷三種主要制作方法，即模印成型、注漿成型、及手工捏塑成型，比較系統(tǒng)地對德化瓷雕制作工藝進(jìn)行詮釋。

    A Note on the Construction of Dehua Figures by Kenson Kwok

     德化瓷雕結(jié)構(gòu)的一點(diǎn)看法 (二)——郭勒遜

    （翻譯：德化窯遺產(chǎn)文化研究院 孫延燕）

     The earliest Dehua porcelain wares date from the Northern Song period (960-1127).While some of the vessel shapes appear to have been wheel thrown, a large proportion of the finds from that period are covered boxes made by press-moulding (i.e. clay pressed by hand into piece-moulds). More complex shapes such as small saucepots and jarlets with a flaring mouth were also press-moulded. The predominance of press-moulding continued in subsequent periods. Even plain, undecorated bowls that could easily have been wheel thrown were press-moulded in Dehua (see eg.).

    德化瓷器的歷史最早能夠上溯至北宋時期（960—1127 年）。（編者按：此系作者依據(jù)當(dāng)時的考古資料所得出的結(jié)論）。盡管部分器皿的外形看似是借助輪制工藝而成，但在那個時期，多數(shù)為模印成型的帶蓋盒子，其制作方式是通過手工將粘土按壓進(jìn)件模成型的。諸如調(diào)味罐以及廣口瓶這類更為復(fù)雜的器形，同樣是采用模范壓制的方法成型。模范壓制成型工藝所具備的優(yōu)勢極為突出且得以長久延續(xù)。在德化地區(qū)，即便是那些極易被忽視、毫無裝飾的普通碗具，亦是經(jīng)由壓模工藝制作而成。

     Dehua therefore differs in this respect from most other ceramic production centres in China where wheel-thrown production predominated, and press-moulding was used only selectively for certain shapes and wares. In fact, the use of moulds continues to be the predominant production method in Dehua today, although these are in plaster, for the slip-casting method of production which is now widespread throughout China.

    故而，德化于此方面與其他中國陶瓷產(chǎn)區(qū)存在差異。其他產(chǎn)區(qū)大多運(yùn)用陶輪開展生產(chǎn)活動，并且僅在特定的形狀以及器皿上才會有選擇性地運(yùn)用壓模工藝。實(shí)際上，模具的使用至今依舊是德化的主要生產(chǎn)手段之一，只不過當(dāng)下采用的是石膏模具，注漿成型法也被廣泛應(yīng)用。

    Some moulds used for past ceramic production have been excavated, but the published examples are all moulds for vessels. These moulds are made of refractory stoneware, and we can assume that the figure moulds would have been the same, even though there is no mention in the literature of any having been discovered (Xu Benzhang 1993). The scarcity of figure moulds in an archaeological context is not surprising, given the possibility that in Dehua the actual production of the figures may have taken place in home-based workshops at some distance from the kilns (Xu 1995：19).

    當(dāng)前，部分曾應(yīng)用于陶瓷生產(chǎn)的舊模具已被發(fā)掘出土，不過所發(fā)現(xiàn)的幾乎均為制作容器的模具。這些模具由耐火炻器制作而成，我們可推測其與瓷雕模具相同，即便在相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)里并未提及（徐本章，1993 年）。在考古情境中瓷雕模具數(shù)量稀少并不足為奇，原因在于德化的瓷塑實(shí)際生產(chǎn)或許是在與窯口相隔一定距離的家庭作坊里開展的（徐本章，1995 年）。

    Figure 5: Finishing luted joints by hand. Chengguan Vocational School, Dehua,1993.

    圖5：手工接坯。德化城關(guān)職業(yè)中學(xué)，1993年。